Download Pakistan has an estimated $6 trillion worth of copper, gold, coal, chromite, antimony, and rare earth elements, among other minerals. However, the mineral sector contributes merely 2-3% to GDP and remains far below its potential. Applying the “Resource Curse” framework, this paper…

Download This study explores the underlying factors behind the exit of multinational corporations (MNCs) from Pakistan and examines how macroeconomic volatility, regulatory uncertainty, and changing global corporate strategies influence this trend. Using firm-level data from the PSX and official statistics from the SBP,…