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This paper provides a textual analysis of Pakistan's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0), identifying the most prominent themes and significant gaps. Pakistan's NDC 3.0 aims to reach its 2035 target by mitigating 50% of GHG emissions by 2035 (17% unconditional, 33% conditional),…
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Informality remains a defining feature of Pakistan’s economy. It acts as an employment shock absorber. It however constrains fiscal growth and productivity levels. This study examines the scale, pattern, size, and structural implications of Pakistan’s informal economy. Based on data from the…
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Pakistan's real estate sector is the driver of economic development as it generates major contributions to GDP, jobs, and city and urban development. Despite expanding very quickly due to population growth, urbanisation, and foreign investments, the sector suffers from several important issues…
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ndo-Pacific and Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) often construed from the prism of geographic coupling of Pacific and Indian Oceans, and maritime security are, in actual geopolitical developments reflecting the competitive tendencies in region. India is exploiting the competitive tendencies in Indo-Pacific region…
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Pakistan’s telecom sector, with over 200 million mobile subscribers and 150 million broadband users, contributes PKR 335 billion annually to the national exchequer in the form of direct taxation and PTA revenues. Despite high digital penetration, the industry struggles with reactive service…
Indian airline IndiGo will start direct flights from Calcutta to Guangzhou from 26 October 2025 onwards. The direct flights between India and China were closed in 2020 due to the violent clashes along the disputed Himalayan border. The border clashes along the…
Education in emergencies (EiE) is an undisputed human right, enshrined within International Human Rights Law (IHRL), International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Refugee Law (IRL). As straightforward as this may sound, the complexities in delivering education amidst a crisis are far from…
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Pakistan faces one of the largest tax gaps in South Asia. Despite repeated tax reforms, the tax-to-GDP ratio has remained stagnant, undermining fiscal stability and limiting the country’s capacity to achieve its development goals. This study investigates how Pakistan can address its…
Intelligence agencies are responsible for safeguarding the state’s interests. They are often known as the deep state. For the authoritarian regime, the role of the deep state is equivalent to the backbone of the system. Intelligence blind spots are defined as the…