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Pakistan faces one of the largest tax gaps in South Asia. Despite repeated tax reforms, the tax-to-GDP ratio has remained stagnant, undermining fiscal stability and limiting the country’s capacity to achieve its development goals. This study investigates how Pakistan can address its…
Intelligence agencies are responsible for safeguarding the state’s interests. They are often known as the deep state. For the authoritarian regime, the role of the deep state is equivalent to the backbone of the system. Intelligence blind spots are defined as the…
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Agriculture contributes 24 percent to Pakistan’s national economy and employs 37.4 percent of the workforce. Despite this strong agricultural base, the bioeconomy’s share in national output remains among the lowest globally. This shows a wide gap between the available bioeconomy resources and…
This summer once again reminded Pakistan of a harsh truth: climate change is not a distant threat, it is a lived reality. From unprecedented heatwaves in Sindh and Punjab to flash floods in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan, millions of Pakistanis faced displacement,…
When it comes to terrorist groups’ cost-benefit calculus of adopting and innovating with emerging technologies, there are two opposing conceptual views.
The Israel-Palestine conflict is among the most protracted and unresolved conflicts in modern history. The Hague-based International Criminal Court (ICC) seeks to play a crucial role in ending impunity and investigating serious crimes such as genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and…
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India and China have longstanding border disputes on all the three sectors that date back to the pre-partition colonial era. Aksai Chin remains a point of friction in the western sector due to the existence of simultaneous border demarcations i.e. McCartney-MacDonald Line…
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Bangladesh and India share almost 54 rivers, and India has control over the water-sharing of 43 rivers. Sharing the Teesta River’s water has remained a recurrent challenge. Almost 90 per cent of the river’s flow is during June to September, and the…
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Access to clean and safe water is essential for life, dignity, and public health, yet remains out of reach for many globally. It is increasingly recognized as a human right under key international instruments, and in Pakistan, courts have interpreted the constitutional…
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This brief explores India’s military intervention in Sri Lanka through the 1987 Indo-Sri Lanka Accord and the deployment of the IPKF. It examines how the mission, intended as peacekeeping, escalated into direct conflict with the LTTE; and how India’s withdrawal in 1990…
