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Proponents of a free-floating or market-driven ER regime have argued that distortionary CB interventions in the foreign exchange (FX) market alter the ER trajectory. Historically, evidence shows such interventions result in ER misalignment, eventually leading to the widening of the trade deficits…
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In the wake of the Pahalgam attack, India baselessly alleged Pakistan’s involvement and unilaterally declared the Indus Waters Treaty, 1960 (“IWT”) to be held in “abeyance.” However, the IWT contains no provision for such an action. Under international law—particularly the Vienna Convention…
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This study examines the potential of Pakistan’s service sector to drive economic growth as the country faces declining manufacturing growth rates. As this shift aligns with global trends, the paper builds a case to confront structural and administrative inefficiencies within four key…
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Pakistan’s move to allocate 2,000 MW for AI data centers represents a major step forward to drive digital growth and foreign investment. However, this expansion may significantly strain the already stressed water resources. The issue persists due to over-dependence on groundwater, climate…
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The collapse of the 2025 Gaza ceasefire due to Israel’s obstruction of humanitarian aid and unilateral suspension of its obligations raises serious concerns under international law. While ceasefire agreements are often seen as political tools, they carry binding legal force when concluded…
Trilateral talks push to extend CPEC to Afghanistan, boosting regional connectivity, economic growth, and joint efforts against terrorism in South Asia
The trilateral meeting between the Foreign Ministers of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China in Beijing (May 21, 2025) called for extending the…
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This Policy Brief provides empirical evidence on how corruption affects foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan. Despite the country’s persistently low Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) score of 27, there is limited empirical research on the relationship between corruption and investment within Pakistan.…
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Cyber warfare has emerged as a prominent method for states to pursue strategic objectives by targeting digital infrastructure, disrupting essential services, and spreading disinformation, all without engaging in traditional military action. These operations often evade attribution and accountability, complicating legal responses and…
