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This Policy Brief provides empirical evidence on how corruption affects foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan. Despite the country’s persistently low Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) score of 27, there is limited empirical research on the relationship between corruption and investment within Pakistan.…
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Cyber warfare has emerged as a prominent method for states to pursue strategic objectives by targeting digital infrastructure, disrupting essential services, and spreading disinformation, all without engaging in traditional military action. These operations often evade attribution and accountability, complicating legal responses and…
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Exchange Rate Pass-Through (ERPT) refers to the degree to which changes in the exchange rate (ER) affect domestic prices of an economy. Since Pakistan’s economy has a considerable level of openness to international trade, the domestic price level is sensitive to external…
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This study examines the increasing impact of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) on employment patterns in Pakistan's major economic sectors, such as manufacturing, agriculture, logistics, energy, construction, and services. As labour-intensive sectors make up the backbone of Pakistan's economy, AI adoption presents…
Pakistan's decisive military response countered India's aggression, reinforced regional sovereignty, and highlighted the strength of Pakistan-China ties in promoting peace and connectivity
India’s attempt to challenge Pakistan’s sovereignty has been countered by Pakistan’s impeccable defence. India, in a cowardly attempt, targeted mosques…
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The term “Non-State Actors” (NSAs) remains ambiguous in international law, despite various interpretations by different scholars and entities. This ambiguity stems from the complex nature of NSAs, which gives rise to both conceptual and dynamic issues. NSAs have become a significant force…
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Using a sectorally disaggregated Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, inclusive of direct cost estimates for military assets, infrastructure damage, disrupted trade and service sector impacts, this study estimates that India's economy incurred at least $88.712 billion in realized losses over the four-day…
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In recent days, there have been attempts to put legal flesh on the bones of India’s declared policy of holding the Indus Waters Treaty in “abeyance”. These initiatives have taken the form of seemingly coordinated published pieces by Indian authors that advance…
