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In recent days, there have been attempts to put legal flesh on the bones of India’s declared policy of holding the Indus Waters Treaty in “abeyance”. These initiatives have taken the form of seemingly coordinated published pieces by Indian authors that advance…
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India is pushing for modification of the Indus Waters Treaty (“IWT”), a long-standing water-sharing instrument between India and Pakistan. However, its arguments—based on population growth and climate change—fail to meet the legal criteria under international law for invoking the doctrine of rebus…
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This Policy Brief examines the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on Pakistan’s trade performance. It highlights that, over the years, Pakistan has concentrated on increasing the number of FTAs. However, there is inadequate empirical evidence to determine whether these FTAs have…
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The rapid advancement of deepfake technology has introduced unprecedented challenges in modern warfare, particularly in the realms of deception, disinformation, and psychological operations. Utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning, deepfakes generate hyper-realistic yet fabricated digital content, making them a powerful…
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Due to their integral role in the preservation of natural resources, dams are prime targets for terrorist attacks. Along with the ‘traditional’ threat to the physicality of the structures themselves, a new, potentially more destructive threat has emerged: that of a cyber…
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The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 was Pakistan’s initial effort to combat cybercrime. Recently, it has been updated through the 2025 amendment to address the rapidly evolving digital landscape. This amendment aims to modernize the legal framework, equipping the state…
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Pakistan's Policy Guidelines for Carbon Markets – 2024 are a critical step towards the application of carbon credits and emissions trading to fulfil the country's climate goals and achieve sustainable development objectives. The policy is consistent with the Paris Agreement and seeks…
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The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between Pakistan and India, defines water-sharing rights by allocating the Eastern Rivers to India and granting Pakistan control over the Western Rivers, while permitting India limited non-consumptive use under strict regulations. Recent Indian efforts…
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The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in counterterrorism operations has revolutionized how governments and security agencies identify, prevent, and respond to terrorist activities. AI technologies, such as machine learning algorithms, predictive analytics, and surveillance tools, have enabled the rapid processing of large…