Download
Since 1776, Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage has remained central to modern economic thought on international trade. Over time, however, its universal validity has been increasingly contested due to recurring trade imbalances, asymmetrical distribution of trade gains across nations, and instances…
Download
Since 1776, Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage has remained central to modern economic thought on international trade. Over time, however, its universal validity has been increasingly contested due to recurring trade imbalances, asymmetrical distribution of trade gains across nations, and instances…
Download
In 2019, India unveiled a new map that contained the border region districts of Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limphuyadhara of Nepal in its territory. This sparked outrage in the Nepalese community, which in turn added the eastern region of the Kalapani River. The…
Download
Since 1947, India has been Nepal's principal trading partner, influencing significantly the dynamics of its foreign economic relations. Due to Nepal's landlocked status and restricted access to the international market, India became the natural hub for the former’s commercial ecosystem. Nepal relies…
Download
India has developed a sophisticated information warfare apparatus targeting Pakistan and, to a lesser extent, China, with the objective of discrediting strategic initiatives such as the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Investigations by EU DisinfoLab and…
Download
Given its centrality to the heritage of Buddha civilisation, India uses culture and Buddhism as instruments of soft power in the projection of its foreign policy, aiming to maintain regional hegemony. India claims to uphold the principles of non-coercion and peaceful coexistence…
Download
Pakistan has secured its crude oil import deal with the United States, marking a significant shift in its energy procurement strategy. This policy brief assesses the strategic, economic, and geopolitical implications of the U.S. deal compared to oil imports from traditional suppliers.…
Download
Human trafficking and terrorist financing form a cyclical, self-reinforcing nexus in Pakistan, where criminal syndicates and militant networks exploit vulnerable populations not only for profit but also to sustain extremist operations.
According to the UNODC, criminal networks in Pakistan generated approximately…
Download
This Brief conducts a systematic analysis of Pakistan’s federal budget documents from 2010 to 2024 using a text mining approach. Despite significant shifts in domestic and global economic conditions, the focus of these documents has remained on recurring economic challenges such as…
Download
Pakistan received USD7 billion in the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) in the 25th arrangement of the IMF. Since independence, Pakistan has received financial assistance from the IMF twenty-five times, resulting in temporary short-term stability. However, the austerity measures proposed by these programs…
