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This Policy Brief explores the implications of a premature trade liberalisation in Pakistan. It highlights that Pakistan’s economy faces recurring balance of payments crises, foreign exchange shortages, limited export diversification, and weak domestic demand. Collectively, these structural vulnerabilities pose a significant risk…
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In the wake of the Pahalgam attack, India baselessly alleged Pakistan’s involvement and unilaterally declared the Indus Waters Treaty, 1960 (“IWT”) to be held in “abeyance.” However, the IWT contains no provision for such an action. Under international law—particularly the Vienna Convention…
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This study examines the potential of Pakistan’s service sector to drive economic growth as the country faces declining manufacturing growth rates. As this shift aligns with global trends, the paper builds a case to confront structural and administrative inefficiencies within four key…
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The collapse of the 2025 Gaza ceasefire due to Israel’s obstruction of humanitarian aid and unilateral suspension of its obligations raises serious concerns under international law. While ceasefire agreements are often seen as political tools, they carry binding legal force when concluded…
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This Policy Brief provides empirical evidence on how corruption affects foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan. Despite the country’s persistently low Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) score of 27, there is limited empirical research on the relationship between corruption and investment within Pakistan.…
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Cyber warfare has emerged as a prominent method for states to pursue strategic objectives by targeting digital infrastructure, disrupting essential services, and spreading disinformation, all without engaging in traditional military action. These operations often evade attribution and accountability, complicating legal responses and…
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The term “Non-State Actors” (NSAs) remains ambiguous in international law, despite various interpretations by different scholars and entities. This ambiguity stems from the complex nature of NSAs, which gives rise to both conceptual and dynamic issues. NSAs have become a significant force…
